Nutritive and physico-chemical characteristics of some plant and animal-based concentrates. The Chemical Compositions of the Volatile Oils of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Wild Garlic (Allium vineale) Read More Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Constituents from Fresh Fruits of Alchornea cordifolia and Canthium subcordatum El-Sayed HS(1), Chizzola R(2), Ramadan AA(3), Edris AE(4). Total calcium, iron and copper content of garlicpowder prepared using shade, solar, oven and microwavedryingmethods ranged from 80.41 to 86.50, 0.38 to 0.55and 0.29 to 0.48 mg/ 100g, respectively (Table 4). Total carbohydrate content was 26.58%. Total protein content in garlic skin was approximately 0.4%. The chemical composition of garlic includes vitamin B1, stabilizing the work of the nervous system. Allicin is an organosulfur compound obtained from garlic, a species in the family Alliaceae. Garlic is used as a medicinal seasoning worldwide. … In this study, the chemical composition of the hydromethanolic extract of this plant was analyzed using GC/MS. Abstract: Garlic, Allium sativum, is broadly used around the world for its numerous culinary and medicinal uses. Article Google Scholar Food Chem. Portuguese Thymbra and Thymus species volatiles: chemical composition and biological activities. This strategy, called allelopathy, inhibits the growth of plants that would otherwise compete with garlic mustard for water, sunlight, and nutrients. From a chemical point of view, we can identify in the olive oil two fractions, depending on the behavior in the presence of heating and strong alkaline solutions (concentrated solutions of KOH or NaOH):. Various other characteristic chemical constituents of garlic include allixin and organo-selenium compounds. The chemical composition of fresh flowers from Allium ursinum (ramsons, bear's garlic, wild garlic) growing in Bulgaria has been studied. The chemical composition will largely depend on the season. Proximate composition varied from 0.78% to 8.87% and mineral content ranged from 0.29 to 86.50 mg/100 g. Polyphenol content was almost similar in all the dried garlic powders whereas β-carotene and ascorbic acid contents were maximum in shade dried garlic powders i.e. It is broadly classified into two varieties hard necks (ophioscordon) and soft neck (sativum) (2). Protein, amino acid and mineral composition of some edible insects from Thailand. Garlic has numerous chemical constituents that go hand in hand to reach the strength of garlic in curing many diseases. It is a perennial with an underground bulb (head) composed of pungent bulblets commonly called cloves (Bibi et al., 2008). Also, when we put garlic in our mouth, it encourages the growth of certain bacteria that is already present in our mouth. Wild garlic, Allium vineale, has been used as a substitute for garlic, both in food as well as in herbal medicine. Chemical Analysis Of Ginger Root www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page VII. Plant materials. Melino S, Sabelli R and Paci M. Allyl sulfur compounds and cellular detoxification system: effects and perspectives in cancer therapy. Introduction Garlic (Allium sativum) belongs to the family alliance is one of the 600 known species, including onion, shallots and leek (1). Materials and Methods Sample collection and identification of Garlic bulb Fresh bulbs of Garlic Allium sativa (Family Amaryllidaceae) were purchased from Kano main Market in Kano city, Nigeria. Effectiveness of St John’s Wort in Major Depression. 2016(211):41–50. During growth, there was an increase in neck and bulb diameter and fresh and dry weight of garlic plants in both seasons. Of all the foods, only garlic contains the mineral thiamine. The oils presented an inhibitory effect against the microorganisms studied and constitute an alternative for microbiological control in food. Ascorbic acid was totally lost during processing. Chemical composition of garlic: Garlic (Allium sativum) has acquired in the folklore of many cultures as a therapeutic agent. Its ability to alter the chemical composition of the soil, and thrive in low-light conditions, may help explain how garlic mustard is capable of invading even pristine, undisturbed forests 5. International Journal of Chemical Studies Washed garlic was shade dried at room temperature for 3-5 days and grinded into fine powder. Individual oils, however, may contain appreciable quantities of straight chain, aromatic, or heterocyclic compounds. Keywords: essential oil, food contaminants, chemical composition. Aletor O. Free Amino Acid and Cysteine Sulfoxide Composition of 11 Garlic (Allium sativumL.) Abstract. The word garlic derives from Old English, garlēac, meaning gar (spear) and leek, as a CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF GARLIC Garlic contains 0.1-0.36% of a volatile oil these volatile compounds are generally considered to be responsible for most of the pharmacological properties of garlic. The obtained results of the present study showed that the treatments supplemented with garlic at 3% / kg diet had a significantly higher (P<0.05) final … On the contrary nitrogen fertilizers did not affect these characters. Garlic stalk had a higher (P < 0.05) content of DM, CP, ADF, ash, and NFC, and lower NDF and lignin contents than rice straw. titrable acidity, ascorbic acid and protein content of dehydrated garlic powder stored under ambient conditions upto 120 days. Curr Pharm Des . Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Five White Onion (. Regardless of dietary onion and garlic levels, increasing SBM inclusion level up to 50% increased dry matter (DM %), crude protein (CP %) was significantly (P<0.05) while EE% and ash% decreased. The anticandidal activities of commercially available garlic supplement products corresponded in general to the activities known for the chemical compounds found in the products. thiosulfinates, sulfoxides, sulfides, diallyl sulfides and polysulfides, vinyldithiins, ajoenes, There seems to be a very little literature about the toxicity of widely used garlic scale, which makes it an important thing to investigate chemical composition of garlic scales and their safety related to human handlers and consumers. Garlic, Alliumsativum, is broadly used around the world for its numerous culinary and medicinal uses. Triacylglycerols are the … Allium hirtifolium Boiss. In the present study, 11 garlic genotypes were assessed for their chemical composition and quality features, collected from local farmers from the main garlic cultivation regions of Greece. 2008;14(29):3120-3140.19075695 Giordani R, Regli P, Kaloustian J, Mikaïl C, Abou L, Portugal H. Antifungal effect of various essential oils against Candida albicans . 2. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an aromatic herbaceous plant that is… Firstly, soluble sugar, starch, and the protein content of the garlic were analysed. Garlic, Allium sativum, is broadly used around the world for its numerous culinary and medicinal uses. The garlic was stored in a refrigerator at a temperature of 5 . A particular emphasis is given on the organosulfur compounds content, since they highly contribute to the effective bioactive properties of garlic… (c) Amino acids and their glycosides: arginine and others. The main compounds responsible for that flavour are mostly sulfur-containing, non-volatile amino acids (thiosulfinates), among which alliin or S-allyl-cysteine sulfoxide (ACSO) is the most predominant garlic flavour precursor ( Block et al., 1993, Horníčková et al., 2010; Fig. Wild garlic, Allium vineale, has been used as a substitute for garlic, both in food as well as in herbal medicine. Garlic benefits Characteristics of garlic. Garlic contains allyl methyl sulphide, which is the reason for the pungent smell. Yu et al. The most valuable are: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. Background, Properties, and Chemical Composition of Spices: Garlic, Cinnamon, Clove . Am. With regard to the chemical compositions of garlic (Allium Sativum L.), allicin is among the active sulfuric materials in garlic that has a lot of benefits such as Onions are a source of vitamins B and C. In addition, it contains essential oils, as well as zinc, fluoride, iodine, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel and other components. Chemical composition and comparison of genetic variation of commonly available Thai garlic used as food supplement S. Sommano1*, N. Saratan2, R. Suksathan2, T. Pusadee1 (Received April 2, 2016) * Corresponding author Summary In order to classify true garlic cultivars, comparisons of oil composi- Kohler R, Kariuki L, Lambert C and Bielsalski HK. Ivanova A (1), Mikhova B, Najdenski H, Tsvetkova I, Kostova I. Garlic contains at least 33 sulfur compounds like aliin, allicin, ajoene, allylpropl, diallyl, trisulfide, sallylcysteine, vinyldithiines, S-allylmercaptocystein, and others. All the samples were assessed for their chemical composition and nutritional value (organic acids, dry matter content, sugars content and fatty acids composition). Natural products have been an integral part of ancient traditional medicine systems. Since β-chlorogenin is bioavailable in vivo and detected in blood, this indicates that β-chlorogenin may, in addition to the sulfur compounds, be an active compound in garlic. Firstly, soluble sugar, starch, and the protein content of the garlic were analysed. Olive oil is composed mainly of triacylglycerols (triglycerides or fats) and contains small quantities of free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, phosphatides, pigments, flavor compounds, sterols, and microscopic bits of olive. Potentially active chemical constituents of garlic are: (a) Sulfur compounds: alliin, allicin, ajoene, allylpropyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide (DATS), S-allylcysteine (SAC), vinyldithiins, S-allylmercaptocysteine and others. Chemical composition. The most demanded substances in garlic are polysacrose and carbohydrates. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry In this research, we investigate the process of producing allicin in garlic. The dozens of brands of garlic on store shelves can be classified into four groups, i.e., essential oil, garlic oil macerate, garlic powder and garlic extract . Keywords: Garlic, Chemical composition, Moisture, Protein. With regard to the chemical compositions of garlic (Allium Sativum L.), allicin is among the active sulfuric materials in garlic that has a lot of benefits such as … For each processing type, the effect of the preservation method and storage time was also analyzed. Chemical compound. 2. [ 15 ] identified 15 more new compounds. chemical constituents of garlic Garlic contains 0.1-0.36% of a volatile oil these volatile compounds are generally considered to be responsible for most of the pharmacological properties of garlic. Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review Download - PDF ABSTRACT Medicinal plants have been used from ancient times for human healthcare as in the form of traditional medicines, spices, and other food components. 1 ). The fresh flavors of onions, garlic, and other members of the Allium genus are produced by enzymic decomposition of S‐alkyl‐ and S‐alkenyl‐L‐cysteine S‐oxides from which the primary products are thiolsulfinates containing alkyl and alkenyl substituents (alkyl‐ and alkenyl‐disulfide S‐oxides). Antioxidant properties of raw garlic (Allium sativum) extract Abstract: Garlic has been a favorite additive in food for many years in various cultures. Therefore, vegetable crops can soothe and relieve stress. However, there is positive correlation between physico-chemical parameters viz. Vitamin B1 is also involved in the energy processes in cells. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS. Chemical composition and comparison of genetic variation of commonly available Thai garlic used as food supplement S. Sommano1*, N. Saratan2, R. Suksathan2, T. Pusadee1 (Received April 2, 2016) * Corresponding author Summary In order to classify true garlic cultivars, comparisons of oil composi- Allicin is the most potent ingredient of garlic. The chemical composition of fresh flowers from Allium ursinum (ramsons, bear's garlic, wild garlic) growing in Bulgaria has been studied. Grow journals, chemical composition, official feeding schemes, reviews and features of Garlic Barrier by Neptune's Harvest nutrient product. zillii. Garlic, Allium sativum, is broadly used around the world for its numerous culinary and medicinal uses.Wild garlic, Allium vineale, has been used as a substitute for garlic, both in food as well as in herbal medicine.The present study investigated the chemical compositions of A. sativum and A. vineale essential oils. THE BENEFITS OF THE USE OF GARLIC. IN HERBAL PREPARATIONS. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF GARLIC. Garlic contains 0.1-0.36% of a volatile oil these volatile compounds are generally considered to be responsible for most of the pharmacological properties of garlic. Garlic contains at least 33 sulfur compounds like aliin, allicin, ajoene, allylpropl, ... Chemical composition and postharvest characteristics have been collected on some California grown accessions. It was first isolated and studied in the laboratory by Chester J. Cavallito and John Hays Bailey in 1944. 1. These purposes may include enhancing flavor and preserving perishable food. Study of chemical composition of garlic oil and comparative analysis of co-trimoxazole in response to In-Vitro antibacterial activity. The chemical composition parameters of whole body of Nile tilapia O. niloticus fingerlings are summarized in Table (5). chemical compositions of garlic (Allium Sativum L.), allicin is among the active sulfuric materials in garlic that has a lot of benefits such as anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and deradicalizing properties. (2018) Chemical Composition, Phytochemical and Mineral Profile of Garlic (Allium sativum). (2010). Their accumulation pattern and regulatory mechanism vary greatly at different environments and maturities. garlic scales haven’t grabbed much attention in the research area. Garlic-specialized metabolites contribute to both spicy flavor and healthy function of garlic. As indicated previously, the manufacturing process can markedly influence the composition of the garlic product. Grow journals, chemical composition, official feeding schemes, reviews and features of Garlic Barrier by Neptune's Harvest nutrient product. Herein, metabolomics models were built to evaluate and predict the quality and chemical composition variances of four garlic varieties in two regions at six growth stages. 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials Fresh garlic of good quality was procured from a Qin Hua garlic company in Xu Zhou, China. According to folk medicine, garlic was used to treat cardiac disease (Khan et al., 2008). Biochemistry. Garlic can get into the eyes and mouth even if a clove is just rubbed on the foot, a body length away. The present study investigated the chemical compositions of A. sativum and A. vineale essential oils. The CMI for the garlic oil began at the 0.03 mg mL-1 concentration for all species of fungi. The chemical compositions of garlic stalk and rice straw are shown in Table 3. J. Garlic and elephant garlic clove homogenates demonstrated similar activity. 14.97 mg/100g in oven driedgarlic powder. While previous studies tested different garlic preparations with inconsistent and often inadequate potency, the Stanford researchers know the exact chemical composition of the garlic … 3. Garlic is made up of sulphuric compoundsthat render the pungent smell to it. This leads to bad breath. These experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of clove size nitrogen level on the morphological characters, yield, and chemical composition of garlic plants. Fenwick and Hanley have critically reviewed all alliums including garlic for various aspects viz., chemical composition, flavor, physiological properties of extracts and products. That is why the onion helps to cope with many diseases. supplementation on chemical composition and broiler chicks Rakesh Kumar, NS Maan, Saurabh Baloda, Promila and Sajjan Sihag Abstract The purpose of this research work was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with different levels of garlic and holy basil leaf powder on chemical composition and cholesterol content of breast and The chemical composition of the onion is also rich. In 2005, garlic bulbs from 10 cultivars obtained from producers in Washington state were distributed to 10 garlic growers who practiced sustainable production methods with minimal, if any, chemical inputs (Table 2; Fig. [18] Preparation of aqueous extracts About 10 g of dried garlic and nilavembu powder were mixed with 100 ml of sterile distilled water … The objective of the study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents and proximate composition of Garlic (A. sativum) extracts.The phytochemical screening of the Garlic for various phytochemical constituents was conducted using laboratory method. Med. Exhaustive extraction with water removes 80% of the total nitrogen of which 67% is in the non-protein form, largely made up of compounds precipitable by phosphotungstic acid in 5% sulphuric acid. This review aims to examine all the aspects related with garlic chemical composition and quality, focusing on its bioactive properties. processing treatments) on chemical composition and, consequently bioactive potential of garlic are also discussed. The two leg-breakers in the family of chemicals that a skunk sprays are ( E )-2-butene-1-thiol and 3-methyl-1-butanethiol. Garlic, Alliumsativum, is broadly used around the world for its numerous culinary and medicinal uses.Wild garlic, Allium vineale, has been used as a substitute for garlic, both in food as well as in herbal medicine.The present study investigated the chemical compositions of A. sativum and A. vineale essential oils. Abayomi, Y., Fagbuaro, S.S. and Fajemilehin, S.O.K. L.) Landraces. Wild garlic, Allium vineale, has been used as a substitute for garlic, both in food as well as in herbal medicine. (CA) on the drying kinetics and chemical composition of garlic slices, and some quality attributes of dried garlic such as colour and texture. composition of Garlic (A. sativum) extracts. By mining existing literature, the group identified 5,676 existing scientific papers that might hold information about the chemical composition of raw garlic. Food Chem. Calsamiglia S, Busquet M, Cardozo PW, Castillejos L, and Ferret A. … Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by pre- and post-harvest conditions: A review An investigation of the chemical composition, and the nitrogen partition in the nitrogen complex of the garlic (Allium sativum) has been carried out. Allium cepa. Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by pre- and post-harvest conditions: A review. This shows that crude protein was 34.13% which is higher than the 12.6% reported by Bhat et. On a dry basis, the fermented product had a higher content of riboflavin, α-tocopherol, and most individual amino acids but a lower thiamin level than the unfermented product. known as Persian shallot, is a spice used as a traditional medicine in Iran and, Mediterranean region. Garlic (Allium sativum) is one of the most widely used herbal substances used in cooking and in medicine.The plant has been used in herbal medicine for a long time and is widely studied. Take garlic, for example. Garlic cloves produce a chemical called allicin (2-Propene-1-sulfinothioic acid S-2- propenyl ester), which is responsible for their strong pungency and aroma. In natura fruits of garlic wood were utilized in chemical analysis and 44 compounds were eluted and 43 were identified (Table 2). They used machine learning techniques to refine this list, and then manually evaluated 299 of them. The present study investigated the chemical compositions of A. a commercial field in northern New Mexico), cured (complete drying of the outer skins and stems for storage purposes), and then stored Insulin and sucrose are most contained in the heads in the autumn. (b) Enzymes: alliinase, peroxidases, myrosinase and others. Of the 623 manually evaluated papers, 77 papers contained chemical composition data for garlic and 93 for cocoa, yielding 1426 and 5855 individual chemical measurements in total for garlic … 2016(211):41–50. Result and Discussion Proximate composition of the powdered ginger root sample is shown in table I. The chemical composition of fresh and fermented garlics was significantly different with each other; Organosulfurs, which most biological properties of garlic are attributed to them, constitute 54.92 of chemical composition of fresh garlic, 24.1 of kombucha fermented garlic and 7.65 of vinegar fermented garlic. Loredana Liguori,1 Rosa Califano,1 Donatella Albanese,1 Francesco Raimo,2 Alessio Crescitelli,3 and Marisa Di Matteo1. Determination of physical properties, 3) To find out chemical composition of the extracted oil, 4) Evaluation of antioxidant capacity. In this research, we investigate the process of producing allicin in garlic. 1Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy. Project Methods The approximate 200+ accessions in the USDA garlic collection have been planted annually at 1 or 2 sites in Washington and 1 or 2 sites in California. It … Martins N, Petropoulos S, Ferreira ICFR (2016) Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by pre- and post-harvest conditions: A review. The ADICP concentration did not differ between garlic … The chemical composition of fresh and fermented garlics was significantly different with each other; Organosulfurs, which most biological properties of garlic are attributed to them, constitute 54.92% of chemical composition of fresh garlic, 24.1% of kombucha fermented garlic and 7.65% of vinegar fermented garlic. The aim of this work was to compare four varieties of garlic: ‘Taicangbaipi’, ‘Ershuizao’, ‘Hongqixing’, and ‘Single-clove’; among them, ‘Ershuizao’ and ‘Hongqixing’ are unique to the Sichuan Province of China. Al., 2010. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2014; 5(2):97-101. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of garlic essential oils evaluated in organic solvent, emulsifying, and self-microemulsifying water based delivery systems. Chemical compounds studied in this article: (E)-ajoene (CID 5386591); (Z)-ajoene (CID 9881148); allicin (CID 65036); alliin (CID 87310); allixin (CID 86374); γ- Data in Table 4 show the interaction effect between yeast extract (3%), K and proline treatments on chemical composition and proline content of garlic leaves at 135 days after planting time. Total cellulose content in garlic skin was 18.62 %. similar polyphenol content i.e. Identification and authentication of the Garlic … Garlic showed greater antibacterial and antifungal activities than a number of onion types. Common noun: Garlic Scientific noun: Allium sativum L. Family: Lily family- Liliaceae Habitat: It is known from remote times, being you used by most of the cultures, from the old Egyptian, Roman, Greek until in the same India or Middle East.It seems that its origin is located in central Asia, from where it extended widely. The chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils of Tulbaghia violacea Harv and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden By Soyingbe Oluwagbemiga Plant Extract Assisted Eco-benevolent Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles-A Review on Plant Parts Involved, Characterization and Their Recent Applications By spring, these substances break down into fructose and glucose. It is known that garlic ... chemical which has passed the detector while the retention time is indicative of the size of … The high amount indicate a good source of protein. Martins N, Petropoulos S, Ferreira ICFR (2016) Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by pre- and post-harvest conditions: A review. Food Chemistry, Volume 211, 15 November 2016, Pages 41-50. Chemical composition (Total carbohydrate, cellulose and protein contents) of the skin was estimated using the standard protocols. So, here you can find both vitamins and minerals. Chemical composition of garlic wood essential oil leaves and flowers did not present significant difference The chemical identification was done by GC/MS using dynamic headspace technique. [ 9 ] identified 13 components hitherto unknown in garlic, while Prabhakara Rao et al. Title: Garlic - Chemical Composition, Chemistry Information, Uses and Benefits Subject: Find chemical composition, chemistry information, uses and benefits details of Garlic active pharmaceutical ingredient in PDF document at PharmaCompass.com. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2(2), 155 - 165. Morphological and phenological data have been collected at all locations. The aim of this work was to compare four varieties of garlic: ‘Taicangbaipi’, ‘Ershuizao’, ‘Hongqixing’, and ‘Single-clove’; among them, ‘Ershuizao’ and ‘Hongqixing’ are unique to the Sichuan Province of China. Author information: … Garlic is used as a medicinal seasoning worldwide. This is one of the most biologically active ingredients in garlic and will only be formed when the garlic is crushed. It was observed that, titrable acidity had negative correlation with moisture content. Its active ingredient passes right through the skin and into the blood. The result showed that 9-hexadecenoic acid, 11,14-eicosadienoic acid, and n-hexadecanoic acid are the main constituents. The effect of processing, with and without fermentation, upon the nutritional composition of pickled garlic was evaluated. (2019). Spices are the flavor of life. The influence of processing, with and without fermentation, on the contents of organosulfur compounds, namely, γ-glutamyl peptides, S-alk(en)yl-l-cysteine sulfoxides (ACSOs), and S-allyl-l-cysteine (SAC), in pickled blanched garlic was evaluated. The present study investigated the chemical compositions of A. sativumand A. vinealeessential oils. Phytoncides make garlic an excellent prophylactic against acute respiratory viral … 2001, 285 (15), pp 1978-1986.; Garlic. FTIR analysis showed the presence of sulphur compounds. Chemical composition of essential oils of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) Six varieties of garlic grown in different geographical locations in Gujarat, India were analysed for their proximate composition including volatile oil content. All throughout the world, cultures and countries utilize a variety of spices for a plethora of reasons. garlic (A. sativum) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, survival and body chemical composition of monosex red belly tilapia,T. Essential oil - Essential oil - Chemical composition: Terpenes, organic compounds consisting of multiples of isoprene units (containing five carbon atoms), are by far the most dominant constituents of essential oils. The chemical composition of the garlic essential oil revealed 14 compounds detected, 10 identified and quantified in terms of relative percentages. Determination of chemical composition of Panchgavya ghrita and garlic pill using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) MP Sakhare, NP Dakshinkar, NV Kurkure, SV Upadhye and GR Bhojne Abstract Panchgavya is a popular ayurvedic drug of human and … Assoc. Among them, the Published 2005 by the American Chemical Society Published on Web 10/19/2005. Article Google Scholar Typical volatiles in crushed garlic and garlic essential oil include diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide, methyl allyl disulfide, methyl allyl trisulfide, 2-vinyl-1,3-dithiin, 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin (Fenwick and Hanley 1985) and E,Z-ajoene (Block et al. Materials and Methods Fresh garlic (local variety) was procured from Tech market, IIT Kharagpur and during the experiments, all the samples were stored in our lab at appropriate conditions (dark, 27 ºC).
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